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Background:Chronic mouth breathing in children leads to pathological adaptations in the postural and morphological characteristics of the stomato-gnathic system. Such unfavourable developmental changes predispose the child to many problems, including obstructive sleep apnea, which is now a growing public concern. Hence; we planned the present study to assess breathing pattern among mouth breather child. Methods: 30 children were selcted, 15 of which were mouth breathers (MB) and 15 of which were nose breathers (NB). The age of the patients ranged from 8-10 years. In this study, the following variables of the respiratory cycle were analyzed by the plethysmography: tidal volume (Vt), respiratory frequency ( f ), minute ventilation (VE), ratio of time to peak inspiratory flow to inspiratory time (PifT/Ti), mean inspiratory flow (Vt/Ti), rib cage contribution towards Vt(%RC/Vt), and phase angle (PhAng). Results: A total of 10 subjects were present in both the groups each. The mean age of subjects on group MB was 8.89 years and in group NB was 9.11 years. Number of male patients in group MB was 6 and in group NB was 5. The variables in MB and NB groups were comparable and statistically non-significant. Conclusion: From the results of the present study, this can be concluded that there was no significant difference in the breathing pattern between nose breathers and mouth breather children.
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METHODS:Prospective Comparative Study conducted on 60 patients at Santosh Medical College and Hospital, Ghaziabad. 30 patients underwent Longo technique of MIPH and rest 30 underwent Milligan Morgan technique of Open haemorrhoidectomy. Study aimed at comparing the duration of surgery, post-operative pain, analgesia requirement, duration of hospital stay, post- operative complications and the amount of days taken for return to work. RESULTS:Mean duration of surgery was 25.90+-4.21 min and 46.73+-5.10 min in MIPH and Open haemorrhoidectomy group respectively ,P<0.001. Patients undergoing MIPH had lesser VAS Pain score on postoperative day 0,1, 7 and analgesia requirement ,p<0.001. No patients in the MIPH group had residual prolapse, p<0.001.Time needed to return to work was 4.70 ± 0.83 days and 12.10 ± 2.71 days in MIPH and Open haemorrhoidectomy group respectively, p<0.001. CONCLUSIONS:MIPH is relatively faster procedure, lesser postoperative pain and analgesia requirement, faster return of bowel movements and earlier return to work.
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Background: Obesity and body fat distribution are important predictors of coronary heart disease. Pulmonary function tests are usually carried out for assessing the functional impairments and to make diagnosis. Hence; we planned the present study to evaluation of association of anthropometric indices related to obesity with pulmonary function tests in female medical students. Methods: The present investigation included assessment of association of Anthropometric Indices Related to Obesity with Pulmonary Function Tests in Female Medical Students. Total of 150 female medical students were included in the present study. Measurement of the height, hip circumference, and weight of all the subjects was done. Waist circumference was measured and value of equal to or less than 80 cm was considered as normal, while subjects with value of more than 80 cm were considered at high risk. In the sitting position by using the nose clips, spirometry was performed in all the subjects. The pulmonary parameters recorded included Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR), Forced Expiratory Flow {FEF (25-75%)}, Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), FEV1: FVC. Respiratory Rate (RR) was also noted. Results: Mean FVC and FEV1 in the present study was found to be 2.5 and 2.3 respectively. Mean respiratory rate was found to be 15 per minute. We obtained significant correlation between difference anthropometric variables related to obesity and lung function tests in female medical studies. Conclusions: Significant correlation exists between difference anthropometric variables related to obesity and lung function tests in female medical students.
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The aim of the present review was providing help for the assessment of the correct interpretation of gallbladder wall thickening and differential diagnosis at ultrasonography Gallbladder wall thickening is a frequent son graphic finding and has been subject of great interest for being considered as a hallmark feature of acute cholecystitis, despite the fact that such a finding is observed in a number of other medical conditions An appropriate characterization and interpretation of ultrasonography finding are of great importance, considering that the correct diagnosis has a direct impact on the treatment that in some cases includes surgery In this article, describe a set of son graphic finding that is an association with the clinical and laboratory findings can reduce the number of diagnostic hypotheses allowing a more accurate establishment of the cause for gallbladder wall thickening through a rational data evaluation Sonography is used as the initial imaging technique for evaluating patients with suspected acute calculus cholecystitis because of its high sensitivity at the detection of GB stones, real-time character, speed, and portability Cholescintigraphy has the highest sensitivity and specificity in the patients who are suspected of having acute cholecystitis The use of cholescintigraphy is limited in clinical practice Due to a combination of reasons including logistic drawbacks, broad imaging capability, and clinician referral pattern CT is particularly useful for evaluating the many complicated cases of acute calculous cholecystitis Relatively high cost of MRI and lack of widespread availability the MRI is prohibits its primary use in the patients with acute calculous cholecystitis The US are currently considered the preferred initial imaging technique for patients who are clinically suspected of having acute calculous cholecystitis
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Background & objectives: The influence of temperature on the life cycle of mosquitoes as well as on development of malaria parasite in mosquitoes is well studied. Most of the studies use outdoor temperature for understanding the transmission dynamics and providing projections of malaria. As the mosquitoes breed in water and rest usually indoors, it is logical to relate the transmission dynamics with temperature of micro-niche. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to understand the influence of different formats of temperature of different micro-niches on transmission of malaria for providing more realistic projections. Methods: The study was conducted in one village each of Assam and Uttarakhand States of India. Temperatures recorded from outdoor (air) as well as indoor habitats (resting place of mosquito) were averaged into daily, fortnightly and monthly and were used for determination of transmission windows (TWs) for Plasmodium vivax (Pv) and P. falciparum (Pf) based on minimum temperature threshold required for transmission. Results: The daily temperature was found more useful for calculation of sporogony than fortnightly and monthly temperatures. Monthly TWs were further refined using fortnightly temperature, keeping in view the completion of more than one life cycle of malaria vectors and sporogony of malaria parasite in a month. A linear regression equation was generated to find out the relationship between outdoor and indoor temperatures and R2 to predict the percentage of variation in indoor temperature as a function of outdoor temperature at both localities. Interpretation & conclusions: The study revealed that the indoor temperature was more than outdoors in stable malarious area (Assam) but fluctuating in low endemic area like Uttarakhand. Transmission windows of malaria should be determined by transforming outdoor data to indoor and preferably at fortnightly interval. With daily recorded temperature, sporogonic and gonotrophic cycles can also be calculated which is otherwise not possible with monthly data. The study highlights that the projections made for malaria in view of climate change need to be seen with limitation of difference in outdoor and indoor temperatures at different locations, highlighting the need for local data generation at least at sub-district level.
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Primary broad ligament pregnancy is a rare form of extrauterine pregnancy with a high maternal and perinatal mortality. Early diagnosis is important to prevent life threatening hemorrhage but can be missed on antenatal ultrasonography. The diagnosis is usually established during laparotomy. We present a case of 22 year old female with ectopic gestation in broad ligament which was missed on ultrasonography and diagnosed during surgery.
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AbstractFicus religiosa L., Moraceae, is widely planted in the tropics. The chemical constituents of F. religiosa include tannin, saponin gluanol acetate, β-sitosterol, leucoanthocyanidin, and leucoanthocyanin. These are used for the treatment of pain, inflammation, impotence, menstrual disturbances, and urine related problems, and as uterine tonic. The present study aimed to evaluate hepatoprotective effects of F. religiosa latex on cisplatin induced liver injury in Wistar rats. In experimental protocol contained five groups of rats (n = 6). In which, group I (control) was administered acacia (2%, w/v) of 5 ml/kg throughout the experiment for 16 days. The group II (cisplatin treated) was administered single dose of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg i.p.) on 1st day. Group III (extract control) was administered 300 mg/kg p.o. of extract for 1stto 10th day. Group IV (Protective) was administered extract (300 mg/kg p.o.) of F. religiosa latex for 1st to 10th day and administered single dose of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg i.p.) on 11th day and group V (Curative) received single dose of cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg i.p.) on day 1st, and administered extract (300 mg/kg p.o.) from 7th to 16thdays. On the 6th day in cisplatin treated, 10th day in extract control and 16th day in control, protective and curative, blood withdrawn from retro-orbital sinus of rats for biochemical estimation for serum and dissected out the livers for estimation of antioxidant enzymes and histopathological works. The cisplatin-treated group 2 showed a significant increase in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and hepatocytes cells degeneration inflammatory infiltrate and necrosis it's were significantly (**p < 0.01) alleviates by protective groups.
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Introduction: Adolescents’ health makes a platform for Reproductive and Child Health (RCH). Knowledge and practices of healthy life style during this period may bring vast changes in overall standards of health of a community, especially maternal and child health. Menarche in girls is the opening of reproductive phase of life which requires appropriate knowledge, care and healthy practices. Material and methods: As a practical training to the undergraduate female medical students, their clinical posting phase of Community Medicine was used to conduct the field study. This included interview, examination and health education to the girls of menarcheal age on mens other aspects of reproductive health. Results: Out of 385 girls interviewed in the age group of 9-16 years, 207 had attained menarche with mean menarcheal age worked out as 12 years 7 months. Maximum girls attained menarche in the age group of 12-13 years. Average menstruation cycle and menstruation period were calculated as 27.8 and 5.5 days respectively. Health education imparted on adolescent and reproductive health to girls during this period made an impact of improving their level of knowledge from 20.4 to 69.3 percent, an improvement of about 49 percent. Conclusion: The study was found useful in working out the mean menarcheal age, average duration of menstrual cycle and menstrual period. For the undergraduate medical students, it was an early exposure to learn the methods of field study and impart health education to the rural adolescent girls. It also improved level of knowledge of the rural girls on adolescent health.
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Objective of this report is to observe and report unusual pattern of origin of sternal and clavicular heads of Sternocleidomastoid (SCM). An embryological insight into the possible causes for present anomaly is elucidated. The neck region of an adult male cadaver during gross anatomy teaching program. An abnormal Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) was observed while dissecting the neck region of an adult. Additional clavicular head of SCM muscle were found on the right side. The accessory clavicular head coursed deep to the sternal head whereas the some fibres of main clavicular head joined the accessory belly and together they fused with the main sternal head of SCM. There was another slip arising from sternal head and merge with deep cervical fascia near base of mandible. The topographical anatomy of SCM is extremely important, particularly because it serves as a useful surgical landmark and its relation to crucial neuro-vascular structures of the neck. The usage of SCM in reconstruction operations for covering defects is discussed. A detailed knowledge of the anatomy of SCM proves vital for radiological studies of the neck.
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Study of skulls has attracted the attention of anatomists since ages and sporadic attempts have been made to study skulls from time-to-time. Talking about the pterygoid processes of sphenoid bone, the irregular posterior border of lateral pterygoid plate usually presents, towards its upper part, a pterygo-spinous process, from which the pterygo-spinous ligament extends backwards and laterally to the spine of sphenoid. This ligament sometimes gets ossified as pterygo-spinous bar and a foramen is then formed named pterygo-spinous foramen, for the passage of muscular branches of mandibular nerve. The present study was undertaken to observe the incidence and status of pterygo-spinous bony bridge and foramen, its variations and clinical relevance in the adult human skulls of North India. For this purpose, 50 skulls were observed, pterygo-spinous bars were found to be present in 7 skulls, out of which completely ossified pterygo-spinous bony bridges were present in 2 skulls while 5 skulls had incompletely ossified pterygo-spinous ligaments. Such variations are of clinical significance for radiologists, neurologists, maxillo-facial & dental surgeons and anaesthetists, too.
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Background & objectives: Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is known to vary widely depending on the region of the country, dietary habits, and socio-economic status. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of GDM and risk factors associated with it, in women attending an antenatal care (ANC) clinic at a tertiary care hospital in Haryana. Methods: This study enrolled women, with their estimated gestational age between 24th and 28th week, attending antenatal care (ANC) clinic at a tertiary care hospital in Rohtak. After informing, women who consented to participate were given a standardized 2-h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A proforma containing general information on demographic characteristics, socio-economic status, education level, parity, family history of diabetes and/or hypertension and past history of GDM was filled up. American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria for 75 g 2-h OGTT was used for diagnosing GDM. Results: A total of 607 women participated in the study and GDM was diagnosed in 43 (7.1%) women. A single abnormal value was observed in additional 66 (10.87%) women. On bivariate analysis risk factors found to be significantly associated with GDM were age, educational level, socio-economic status, pre-pregnancy weight and BMI, weight gain, acanthosis nigricans, family history of diabetes or hypertension and past history of GDM but on multivariate analysis only upper middle class and presence of acanthosis nigricans were found to be significantly associated with GDM. Interpretation & conclusions: The prevalence of GDM was found to be 7.1 per cent in a tertiary care hospital in Haryana. Appropriate interventions are required for control and risk factor modifications.